TSU-TI — THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES

Advantages of Using Online Platforms for Teaching the Georgian Language

Tinatin Turkia — 2025-11-11

Technological development after the COVID-19 pandemic has particularly impacted the educational space. During the pandemic, the use of technology was both necessary and inevitable, but now it is primarily necessary and desirable, as students and professionals alike feel comfortable using technological tools. Technological progress is advancing amid active globalization, especially evident in educational exchange programs. In Georgia, this has manifested in the introduction of non-Georgian-speaking, specifically English-speaking, faculties. For foreign students, the Georgian language has been included in the list of mandatory subjects, making it necessary to offer Georgian language instruction in various formats to cater to this target audience.

While many challenges arise when teaching the structural features of the Georgian language, the current focus of our research is to review online platforms that can be used in classroom lessons and to highlight their advantages and disadvantages. The relevance of this issue is shaped by several factors:

1.According to Geostat, the number of foreign students in Georgia increased by 22.5% in the past year alone. For the 2023-2024 academic year, a total of 30,701 foreign students are enrolled in Georgian higher education institutions, up from 25,069 in the previous year.

2.It is important to note that the influx of students from countries such as India, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, and Nigeria is particularly high at the moment. These are countries that do not share close cultural, territorial, or social ties with Georgia, meaning that the linguistic and cultural readiness and motivation to learn the language are relatively low among these students. Therefore, teachers cannot rely solely on linguistic material and must also incorporate socio-cultural resources into their instruction.

3.The relevance of this work is further underscored by the fact that, according to academic schedules, students' study hours per week sometimes range from three to four hours. This necessitates refreshing the learning process during lectures to make education more effective. Since language learning is a practical process, it is essential to employ various active methods that engage and motivate students, making it easier for them to absorb new material—whether it involves memorizing vocabulary, mastering grammar nuances, or applying what they have learned in practice. In this regard, interactive games can increase motivation and make the learning process more enjoyable.

This paper will focus on two main platforms—Kahoot and Quizlet. Kahoot allows teachers to conduct interactive tests during lectures, which are visually engaging and presented in a quiz format. Quizlet enables students to create flashcards, tests, and other study resources, which are highly effective for memorizing and reviewing material. The study will explore examples from two different groups: one that incorporates technology extensively and another that uses more traditional teaching methods. Questionnaires completed by the students will also be analyzed, with a particular focus on their perceptions of technology integration in the learning process.

Expression of the plural form of the third subjective person In the Taoian dialect of the Georgian language

Tinatin Milorava — 2025-11-11

In the Georgian literary language and dialects, the plurality of I-II subjective persons is generally marked similarly (with the -t morpheme). From the point of view of the expression of the third person plural, more or less difference is confirmed, on the one hand, in the ancient and modern literary language, and on the other hand, in the dialects of the Georgian language. An interesting situation is shown by the Taoian dialect, which preserves archaisms along with new linguistic facts.

Our research aims to analyze the occurrence of third-person plural suffixes in the Taoian dialect of the Georgian language, to highlight archaic and dialectal facts. The research is based on new material recorded by us in Tao villages and Taoian texts preserved in Professor Tariel Futkaradze Scientific-Research Center of Kartvelology of Akaki Tsereteli State University recorded in 2006-2024. We have also processed the published samples of Taoian speech (Putkaradze, 1993; Paghava, at al., 2020).

The issue is relevant since it concerns the dialect that remains outside the borders of the state of Georgia, which has been developing in a foreign, Turkish language environment for four centuries. Thus, it is interesting to what extent the Taoian dialect has preserved the structural features of the Georgian verb.

Scientific novelty: based on the analysis of Taoian dialectal texts, a complete picture of the distribution of the signs of the third subjective person plural according to individual verb paradigms is presented; The situation in Taoian is comparable to the subsystems of the Georgian language.

In research, we use methods of fieldwork (recording of material), description, comparison, and analysis.

In the study dialect, the suffixes -en, -an, -es, -n are used to express the plural of the third person.

The suffix -en will is attached to the forms of the present and future tense: asheneb-en, cham-en, urev-en, meitaneb-en, isakmeben, atseven, gomovl-en... -av, -am -stem marker vowel a is usually reduced: -av +en > v+en; -am+en > m+en: tibv-en, iburv-en, tesv-en, ikidv-en, sheinaxhven…itsm-en, ikm-en, uzmen. Rarely the stem marking f consonant is also lost: kl-en, tib-en...

The suffix -an is present with both transitive and intransitive verbs in the forms of present and future tense and the Perfect: umziri-an, ijebi-an (<irjebian), etkhoeb-an (‘tkhovdebian’), gaskhni-an, shekhri-an, iarebi-an , midi-an, dzian (‘zian’), ekhvaratebi-an (‘elaparakebian’), dajdebi-an, undan-an / undav-an, miakv-an, mihkav-an, ukvaran…uchami-an (‘uchamiat’), gumukri-an (‘gamoukriat’), gumutsli-an (‘gamoutsliat’), tzomosul-an...

-es formant, like archaic Georgian, appears in Imperfect and Aorist indicative forms with all types of verbs: Imperfect: tserd-es (‘tserdnen’), ashenebd-es (‘ashenebdnen’), tesvid-es (‘tesavdnen"), rtskvid-es (‘rtskavdnen’), itsmid-es (‘itsvamdnen’), smid-es (‘svamdnen’)... kond-es (‘hkondat’), kavd-es (‘hkavdat’)...Verbs with - av, -am suffixes are also found here in form of -v, -m. Aorist indicative: tser-es, tib-es, deibur-es... chevn-es (‘chavidnen’), ikvn-es (‘ikvnen’)... -es is also noticed in Pluperfect: eetsi-es (‘aetsiat’), meetib-es (‘moetibat’…)

With the suffix -n, the forms of subjunctive are usually formed: [unda] ikitkho-n, imushao-n, meigo-n, kna-n, gabevrne-n...

It can be said that in the Taoian dialect, despite the strong influence of Turkish, the structure of the Georgian verb still maintains its stability, which is confirmed by the morphemes of the third person plural.

Afusi Microtoponyms (Structural and Semantic Analysis)

Giorgi Muliani — 2025-11-11

Apusi / Afusi is one of the old settlements in Fereydan. In 1996, due to the increase in the number of its population, Afusi was given the status of a town. Based on the 2011 census data, its residents made 4 313 people (1 243 households).

The name Afusi is mentioned in Persian and Armenian sources, as well as in old documents and all the headstone inscriptions in the area. However, the Georgian sources and the memory of Fereydani people have kept the other name – Ruispiri.

Regrettably, the Georgian language is no longer spoken in Afusi as it has been completely forgotten, but it should be noted that the Afusi population is generally regarded as Georgian (e.g., on the Town Mayor’s official website Afusi residents are called Georgians). The majority of the Afusi population is still proud of their Georgian origin.

The process of language attrition supposedly started in the 19^th century. Mohammad Safian considered the frequent visits of the Qajar dynasty Princes, who used to hunt in Afusi, as a significant factor contributing to the language loss. According to the locals, the violence committed by Khans and rulers, and the failure of the Georgian speaking Afusians to defend their rights led the population to language attrition.

It is noteworthy that in “The Geographical Dictionary of Iran” (1954) Persian and Georgian are mentioned as the two languages spoken by the Afusi population.

As for the name of the settlement, the sources and folk speech suggest different versions: Afusi/Afus, Apusi/Apus, Afruzi, Ruispiri, Rustavi.

There are not many Georgian micro toponyms in Afusi. The geographical names are mostly composites (consisting of a determiner and a word it determines).

The words described by determiners are Georgian: გორა (gora – “a hill”), თავი (tavi – “a top”), რუვი (ruvi – “a rivulet”), ღელე (ghele – a river), (წ)ყარო (ts)karo – “a spring”); ყელი (keli – “a neck, a gorge”), ყრა (kra – “division”), ჯვარი (jvari – a cross)...

ახალრუი (akhalrui – “a new rivulet”); დიდრუი (didrui – “a big rivulet”); ზეჲთ რუი (zeit rui – “an upper rivulet”); თავქე რუი (tavke rui – “a downward rivulet”); ქოვით რუი (kovit ru – “a rivulet in a lower place”)... სამზე ყარო (samze karo – “a full spring”)... ხერსის ღელე (// ხირსი დარა (khersis Ghele/ khirsi dara – “a bear’s river”)... დიდგორა (didgora – “a big hill”); ქამარყელი (kamarkeli); მეროყრა (merokra<meore kra – “division for the second time); მესამე ყრა (mesame kra – “division for the third time”); გალოსთავი (galostavi < kalos tavi – “the top of a rock”); ნაონჯვარი (naonjvari < naomari jvari – “a cross that has been in a battle”)...

Foreign (Persian, Turkish, Arabic) words are used as determiners: ბააყ (baak, Persian “garden”), დარეჰ (dareh “gorge”)... გოლი (goli, Turkish “lake”), თაფე (tape “hill”)... მაზრა (mazra, Arabic “field, grove”), მაჰალე (mahale “district”), ყალჸე (kalkhe, Arabic “castle”), ყარ (kar “cave”)...

ბაყე ნესარ (bake nesar – “a shadowy garden”); დარე სიბჰა (dare sibha – “apple valley”); ჩეშმე ბალა (chemshe bala – “an upper stream”); ჩეშმე ფაინ (chemshe pain – “a lower stream”); თაფე მუში (tape mushi – “mouse hill”); მაზრა მიანეჰ (mazra myaneh - “mid district”); მაჰალე მიანე (mahale miane – “mid region”); ყალჸე ბალა (kalkhe bala – “an upper castle”); ყალჸე ფაინ (kalkhe pain – “a lower castle”)...

The Afusi dialect contains toponyms with Georgian affixes:

Toponyms with სა – ე (sa – e) confix: სა-ბუქრ-ე (sa-bukr-e), სა-თაფლ-ე (sa-tapl-e – “a place where honey can be found”); სა-კრ-ე (sa-kr-e < sakare – “a door bolt”); სა-ჩოგნ-ე (sa-chogn-e – “a place for rackets”).

Words formed with ნა – ალ (na-al) confixes: ნა-სერ-ალ-ი (na-ser-al-i – “a former hillock”).

Words formed with ნა – არ (na-ar) confixes: ნა-მახოდვ-არ-ი (na-makhodv-ar-i).

The Georgian micro toponyms of Afusi are a clear proof that at some time Georgians lived in that place and spoke the Georgian language. Over time, the linguistic situation has changed; In Afus, the Georgian language was replaced by Persian, which was more or less reflected in the geographical names.

Certain Issues in Georgian-English Comparative Linguistic Analysis

Mariam Orkodashvili — 2025-11-11

The aim of the research is comparative linguistic and extralinguistic research of English and Georgian. The research intends to offer a unique perspective of comparing morphosyntactic variations of Indo-European (e.g. English) and Kartvelian (e.g. Georgian) languages, and how these variations reflect idiosyncrasies of human cognition. The linguistic distance between these language families is significant. Therefore, it will present an interest both for the research and for the teaching process.

Kartvelian languages shed a novel light on a number of linguistic issues that present the interest from historical, evolutionary and cognitive perspectives, the evolution of sound system and morphosyntactic structures alongside cognitive evolution being among many others. For instance, it is well-known that the Georgian language, being one of the Caucasian languages, has complex and idiosyncratic phonological and morphosyntactic systems that also condition its peculiar semantic-pragmatic framework.

The study uses comparative, contrastive; typological; corpus analysis; and discourse analysis methods.

All the analyzed linguistic units or structures are considered within the frameworks of pragmatics (influence, assurance, request, appeal) and psycholinguistics (language acquisition, teaching/learning, influence on neuroplasticity). Moreover, bilingual discourses and language interference cases associated with them are also discussed.

Corpus has been gathered from authentic materials: on-line resources, academic-scientific, media, literary, colloquial texts and discourses.

The novelty of the study is the fact that it considers linguistics distance in any aspect of comparative analysis.

Ways of Expressing Negative Category in Georgian and Turkish (Contrastive Analysis)

Tamar Karosanidze Kırsac — 2025-11-11

The category of negation is a universal linguistic category that exists in different forms in all languages. The means of its expression are different. The category of negation has been thoroughly studied in Georgian, Georgian languages and dialects. The negative category is actively researched in Turkish as well. Both languages are distinguished by the variety and peculiarities of the means of expressing negation.

The aim of the work is to present the linguistic means of expressing negation in the Turkish language and to determine its similarities and differences with the Georgian language.

In the relevant literature, the functional-semantic microfield of negation is presented, in which the following levels are distinguished: morphological, lexical, derivational and syntactic (Zekalashvili, Abesadze 2016, p. 62). Based on the mentioned microfield, we compared two language rejection systems.

The comparative method is used in the research. The research was conducted based on the analysis of Georgian and Turkish languages. We think that the comparative analysis of languages that belong to different language groups is important from the point of view of establishing language universals.

As a result of the comparison of the two languages, the following similarities-differences were revealed: unlike Georgian, Turkish has a morphological sign expressing negation. Negative suffix “-mA”:(1) yapma; ar gaaketo "don’t do" (2) yapamam; ver gavaketeb "I cannot do" (Ergin 2013, p. 200). In Georgian, the negative particles "ar", "ver" are represented with the same function (Chumburidze, 1970, p. 41). It should also be noted here that the content nuanses of the negative particles "ar", "ver", "nu" in Turkish together with the negation sign “-mA” are expressed by different means, namely, through the modal verb and mood. In Georgian, negative category is expressed by negative pronouns and adverbs (Kurdadze 2015, p. 72). In the Turkish language, negative semantics can be conveyed with the participation of indefinite pronouns and adverbs.

The Importance of Studying The Biblical Toponyms To Review The Historical Knowledge And Ideas Of Georgians

Giorgi Kitoshvili — 2025-11-11

Georgians acquired knowledge about different regions through the Holy Scriptures. The Old Testament contains the names of toponyms of various regions. From the Hebrew text, these toponyms firstly transferred to the Greek Bible and, after that, spread to other translations made from the Greek version of the Holy Bible, including the Georgian translation. Our aim is to demonstrate the importance of the study of biblical toponyms to get to know the historical knowledge of Georgians.

Geographical names have appeared in the Georgian versions of the Old Testament under the influence of the Greek (and in the case of Ezra’s books from Armenian translations of the Bible). The translators and reviewers, on one hand, had information about biblical nations and, therefore, they knew the names of the toponyms, or, on another, they knew about names from the Bible.

The toponyms transferred into Georgian translation of the Bible are studied based on different methods by means of a comparative approach. The history of each text of the Bible is taken into account. Translated texts in Georgian were also changed by scribes. The relevant textual forms of toponyms (with ethnonyms) were compared by us with the approach of the translation technique and copying experience. We should pay attention to the fact that the proper names could be changed during the copying process.

In such cases, when a translator didn’t know toponym or no match existed in his own language, the translated forms are close to the original text, they were obliged to transfer to the language of the translation.

Thus, the study of biblical toponyms allows us to determine whether the Georgians acquired geographical information about different regions of Asia and Africa with or without translation of the Bible.

Means of Formation Parallel Anthroponyms in Georgian

Nana Shoshiashvili — 2025-11-11

Anthroponyms are an interesting part of the general vocabulary of a language. Currently, our goal is to study parallel anthroponyms. Parallel variants generated by different means are called unofficial variants of official anthroponyms (for example: Daviti — Data, Dato, Dati, Datiko, Datikona, Datuna, Datunia, Dateba…).

For the analysis of parallel anthroponyms, we considered it necessary to put a matter about the separation of base segments in official anthroponyms; A base segment is called the part of the official name that participates in the formation of parallel forms. In the presented example (Daviti) the first syllable and the last consonant (da-t) are used as a base segment.

The searched material, its analysis and the obtained conclusions should be interesting from an interdisciplinary (in particular: linguistics, psychology, sociology and etc.) point of view.

We analyzed the empirical material using Historical-comparative, Descriptive, Statistical and Corpus-based studies research methods.

In the official name, we represented one segment (Otari > Ot-iko, Ot-una — the base segment being “Ot”…); two-segmented (Elguja > Elgu // Guja, Guj-i — the base segments are "Elgu" and "Guj") and three-segmented (Elisabedi > Eli, Liza, Sabedo) onyms.

Structurally, the base segment can be a) only a consonant part of the origin name (the base segment of "Nino" is the "n" phoneme (N-uts-a, N-uts-ik-o); b) only one syllable of the origin name (the parallel forms of "ana": An-uk-a, An-ka, An-ik-o, An-un-a, An-cho, etc. the base segment being "An") or c) two syllables of the origin name (in the onym "Ioane" segment is the two-syllable "Io").

The parallel form of the origin anthroponym is obtained by keeping the base segment and a) apocopating the sound or sounds of the onym (Tarieli > Taro; Bachana > Bacha); b) by loss of sound or syllable in anlaut (Iakobi > Koba; Mzekhatuna > Khatuna); c) syncopating a sound or sounds (Anastasia > Nastia; Elisabedi > Liza). A parallel anthroponym can be obtained by adding different affixes (for instance: Ana + uka > Anuka); The purposeful use of vowel suffixes in onyms, for example: Dat-i, Dat-a, Dat-u, Gvants-i, Nat-u...

The parallel variant of the origin anthroponym can be shorter than the official name (Nikolozi > Niko) or, on the contrary, represent a more extensive form (Saba> Sabunia). That is why we consider that the creation of parallel names is not a process caused by economy.

A Clash of Traditions - Analyzing Albanian and Georgian Traditions in Ismail Kadare

Mariam Chkheidze — 2025-11-11

A Clash of Traditions – Analyzing Albanian and Georgian Traditions in Ismail Kadare’s “Broken April” and Vazha-Pshavela’s “Host and Guest” and “Aluda Ketelauri” Literature plays a significant role in cultural communication. It is a field where each culture and ethnicity voices its perspective, revealing numerous points of intersection among their ideas. Literature serves as a profound example of the collective unconscious upon which humanity thrives. Through their works, Ismail Kadare and Vazha-Pshavela open a window for readers with the Albanian and Georgian cultural perspectives and views, emphasizing deeply ingrained traditions of hospitality, the practice of blood vengeance, and the complex interplay between honor and justice. This paper examines cultural parallels manifested in the literature of seemingly different cultures, focusing on traditions that carry not only cultural significance but also express the universal experiences of individuals and societies. Specifically, it explores Ismail Kadare’s novel “Broken April” and Vazha-Pshavela’s poems “Host and Guest” and “Aluda Ketelauri”. The research delves into traditions such as blood vengeance, the Albanian gjakmarrja (blood feud), and the tradition of cutting off the right hand of the deceased, which shows ritualistic similarities with the Albanian practice of putting the gun on the back of the killed person. It also examines the fundamental aspects of hospitality traditions in the Albanian Kanun and the unwritten laws of Georgian customs. The presentation compares symbolic actions, such as the right hand of an enemy, hung on a house’s exterior, in the Georgian context, and the victim’s clothes hanging on a house balcony in Albanian villages. Beyond literary and cultural similarities and differences, the study investigates the semantic parallels between the Albanian Kanun and the Georgian Kanoni (law), emphasizing the significance of mountains as geographic topos in these traditions. Ultimately, against the backdrop of the protagonists’ chronotope, their adventures, and narrative flows, the study synthesizes the cultural, historical, and social contexts reflected in these literary monuments at both collective and universal levels. The research aims not only to identify similarities between Georgian and Albanian traditions but also to highlight shared values that emerge at the level of distinct cultural identities. As a result, this comparative analysis holds importance not only in literary terms but also from sociological and ethnological perspectives.

Theological Analysis of the Homily Attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria "In Nativitatem Praecursoris"

Ilia Tsetskhladze — 2025-11-11

The article is dedicated to the homily "Homilia in Nativitatem Praecursoris" (PG 28, 905–913) attributed to Pseudo-Athanasius of Alexandria and its Old Georgian translation. The authenticity of the homily remains a debated issue. The Georgian version survives in a single 16th-century manuscript, part of the Gelati metaphrastic collection, placed among texts for the June 24 reading. The identity of its translator is unknown. The homily is of significant interest as it interprets several biblical passages, including episodes from the Gospel of Luke, such as Gabriel’s annunciation to Zechariah regarding the birth of John the Forerunner (Luke 1:5–20) and the Annunciation to the Theotokos (Luke 1:26–38). Besides these, the homily references and interprets numerous other biblical passages, making it particularly valuable for the study of angelology. Its literary quality stands out, both in the original Greek and the Old Georgian translation, characterized by rich stylistic devices and rhetorical narrative typical of oratory art. The study examines the source-critical, theological, and philological aspects of the text, focusing on its content, form, and structure. Special attention is given to the authenticity of the homily and the analysis of the Georgian translation, an early Christian literary monument distinguished by stylistic and lexical features unique to the original text. The article explores hypotheses regarding the homily's authenticity, manuscript evidence, and stylistic characteristics of both the original and the Georgian translation. Textual analysis is supported by source-critical methods, enabling the determination of the translation type, stylistic features, and its correspondence to the original. Furthermore, the theological themes of the homily are discussed, reflecting fundamental principles of Christian faith and the role of the Forerunner in Christian church history. The ideological and pedagogical functions of the text are highlighted, underscoring its unique value as a monument of Christian heritage. The study also underscores the significance of the Old Georgian translation and its cultural context, contributing to the understanding of Georgian Christian literature and tradition.

About Some Features of Otar Chkheidze’s Language (“White Bear“ and , Bermuda Triangle“)

Eka Khanishvili — 2025-11-11

Language is the most essential sign of the nation's identity. Language is created by people, written language - writing, monuments of written language leave traces of language in history. A perfect ideological-artistic analysis of a literary work can be talked about only when the form in which the writer conveys his message is studied, e.g. If the language is also studied. The present work discusses some linguistic and stylistic features of the novels , White Bear “ and “, Bermuda Triangle, in particular, attention is focused on the function of phraseology, paramian expressions or aphorisms; On the variety of proverbs, the frequency of use of noun verbs and the stylistic purpose of comparison. Researching the writer's language and style has always attracted the interest of the writers. The linguistic position of this or that creator is determined by his attitude towards his native language and dialects, and of course, it means showing how the writer's theoretical views merge with the language embodied in creativity, for what purpose he uses lexical, phraseological or purely linguistic resources. Folk, colloquial language, proverbs, parables Phraseologisms can have a strong impact on the reader, especially they are often used in subtexts. We will focus on phraseology, the special abilities of speech that make up linguistic formulas. In the writings of Otar Chkheidze, we can find: phraseology, which are widespread and reflected in existing dictionaries (a stone was stuck in the head, a ruler in the stomach, it broke the heart, the tongue was lost, the frog was cut off, a stone was thrown with its tail, a swamp was thrown on its tongue...). Expressions that are not verified in the dictionaries at our disposal: (Alchuze Uzit, let them drink the way, Kuku was holding, he reached the ceiling (he paved the way, his head was empty, his tongue is breaking...).

Seasons in Their General and Concrete Meanings in Georgian and Megrelian

Mariam Khubunaia — 2025-11-11

Time is a universal category. Man has measured time since prehistoric epoch. Initially, time was expressed by lexical units of general meaning. However, in the process of communication, it became necessary to divide time and make it more concrete. At the earliest stage of human existence, this problem was solved by means of metrical time, which is expressed by lexical means denoting countable units of time. Out of these, the largest unit is the year.

The paper aims to analyze the semantics of language means denoting seasons in Georgian and Megrelian folk literature. In particular, the paper proves that these lexical units are not restricted by the semantics of concrete seasons and also denote time in general. By comparing Georgian and Megrelian data, the paper identifies similarities and differences between the two languages. This approach is important from two viewpoints: on the one hand, it reveals the peculiarities of the genre with regard to the expression of metrical time. On the other hand, it reveals the similarities and differences between Georgian and Megrelian empirical material. The issue is topical and interesting due to the ample empirical data of folk literature, embracing almost every genre. For centuries, this literature was spread orally. Examples of folk literature were recorded later, but they still preserve the most ancient code of information.

Analysis of the ample empirical material (printed texts, corpus bases, field material) leads to reliable conclusions.

The paper is a novelty because it is the first attempt of systemic research of general and concrete meanings of lexical units expressing seasons in Georgian and Megrelian folk literature. The empirical material has been analyzed using descriptive-statistical, historical-comparative, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, fieldwork and elicitation methods.

The paper analyzes Georgian and Megrelian lexical units denoting seasons: “gazapxuli/gazarxuli (goṗireli)” (spring), “zapxuli/zarxuli” (summer), “šemodgoma/damorčili“ (autumn), “zamtari/zotonǯi” (winter).

Research has proved that the above-mentioned lexical units denote not only concrete units of time but general time as well. In Georgian, general time is usually expressed by compound words. For instance,

(1) “is zamtar-zapxul… gaučereblad daʒunʒulebda” (It was running non-stop all the year round (literally, all the winter-and-summer) (Georgian Folk Tales, 2009, p. 37).

Such compounds are not found in Megrelian. In both languages under analysis, there are nouns with suffix -ობა /oba/, denoting repeated actions in concrete time:

(2) “zapxulobit sopelši mivdivar; zarxulobit sopeliša mevurk” (In summer, I go to my village).

In both languages, this semantics is also expressed descriptively:

(3) “qovel zapxuls; iri zarxurs” (every summer).

Attention should also be paid to the Georgian collocation “zamtris ṗirze” (on the edge of the winter). The speaker makes the time more precise, namely, the beginning of winter. General time is also denoted by the prefixal form “sazamtrod” (for winter), cf. Megrelian “zotonǯišot”. In Georgian, we have circumfix /sa-o/ in the adverbial case. In Megrelian, the lexeme of the same semantics is given in the special benefactive case-form denoting purpose/function.

The outcomes of the research are important not only for linguists but for the specialists in the adjacent fields as well.

The Implicit Meaning of a Proverb and the Main Issues of Semantic Interpretations

Giorgi Jgharkava — 2025-11-11

A proverb is a culturally marked unit of the language system, the explanation of the meaning of which as well as the determination of different functional parameters cannot be done only on the surface level, and requires a systematic structural-semantic analysis of the proverb fund. Depending on the nature and purpose of the proverb, the specific prerequisites and historical context of its creation often play an essential role in decoding the content, neglecting which may obscure the implicit side of the proverb. Therefore, to fully understand the content of the proverb, it is necessary to refer to the situation of using the proverb, to get information about the stylistic and pragmatic characteristics of the proverb, to take into account the historical and etymological preconditions of its creation, etc., which, in turn, allows us to identify structurally changed and semantically reinterpreted proverbs (Rusieshvili 1999, 2005; Boeder 1991; Tumanishvili 2010; Pachulia 2015; Jgharkava 2024). The review of appropriate empirical material using the methods of descriptive, historical-comparative, contrastive and structural analysis in the paper showed that the original meaning of the proverb sometimes does not coincide with its current interpretation, which was also confirmed by our pilot experiment. Considering the scientific literature, the discussion of similar examples determines the relevance of the work and the value of the research results, which is noteworthy in several directions. Among them, from the point of view of establishing the equivalence of paremias and the complex qualification-classification of the proverbial fund during the learning and teaching of a second language.